Empowering individuals to prevent falls better
The Balance Recovery Confidence (BRC) Scale – A measurement instrument to assess the perceived reactive ability to arrest a fall

References

For more information about the development of the Balance Recovery Confidence scale, click here to access the PhD thesis

Abedalaziz, N., & Chin, H. L. (2011). The relationship between CTT and IRT approaches in analyzing item characteristics. The Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Science, 1(1), 52-58.
Abyad, A., & Hammami, S. O. (2017). Fear of falling in the elderly – an emerging syndrome. Middle East Journal of Age and Ageing, 14(3), 16-25.
Adams, J. M. G., & Tyson, S. (2000). The effectiveness of physiotherapy to enable an elderly person to get up from the floor. Physiotherapy, 86(4), 185-189.
Addae-Dapaah, K., & Wong, G. K. M. (2001). Housing and the elderly in Singapore – financial and quality of life implications of ageing in place. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 16, 153-178.
Aleksic, J., Zvekic-Svorcan, J., Stupar, N. V., Jeremic, I., & Grgurevic, A. (2018). Cross-cultural validation of the modified falls efficacy scale in Serbian community-dwelling women at risk for osteoporotic fracture. Menopause, 25(4), 444-450.
Ang, G. C., Low, S. L., & How, C. H. (2020). Approach to falls among the elderly in the community. Singapore Medical Journal, 61(3), 116-121.
Arai, T., Obuchi, S., Inaba, Y., Nagasawa, H., Shiba, Y., Watanabe, S., . . . Kojima, M. (2007). The effects of short-term exercise intervention on falls self-efficacy and the
relationship between changes in physical function and falls self-efficacy in Japanese older people – A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 86(2), 133-141.
Arfken, C. L., Lach, H. W., Birge, S. J., & Miller, J. P. (1994). The prevalence and correlates of fear of falling in elderly persons living in the community. American Journal
of Public Health, 84(4), 565-570.
Arnadottir, S. A., Lundin-Olsson, L., Gunnarsdottir, E. D., & Fisher, A. G. (2010). Application of Rasch analysis to examine psychometric aspects of the Activities-specific
Balance Confidence scale when used in a new cultural context. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(1), 156-163.
Arnold, C. M., & Faulkner, R. A. (2007). The history of falls and the association of the timed up and go test to falls and near-falls in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. BMC Geriatrics, 7, 17.
Avin, K. G., Hanke, T. A., Kirk-Sanchez, N., McDonough, C. M., Shubert, T. E., Hardage, J., . . . Academy of Geriatric Physical Therapy of the American Physical
Therapy Association. (2015). Management of falls in community-dwelling older adults: clinical guidance statement from the Academy of Geriatric Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association. Physical Therapy, 95(6), 815-834.
Avril Mansfield, J. S. W., Jessica Bryce, Svetlana Knorr, Kara K. Patterson. (2015). Does perturbation-based balance training prevent falls? Systematic review and meta-analysis of preliminary randomized controlled trials. Physical Therapy, 95(5).
Ayhan, Ç., Büyükturan, Ö., Kirdi, N., Yakut, Y., & Güler, Ç. (2014). The Turkish version of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale: its cultural adaptation,
validation and reliability in older adults. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 17(2), 157-163.
Babinski, J. (1899) De l’asynergie cerebelleuse. Revista de Neurología, 7, 806-816. Bandura, A. (1971). Social Learning Theory. New York. General Learning Press.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1981). Self-referent thought: A developmental analysis of self-efficacy. Cambridge University Press.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
Bandura, A. (1986). Fearful expectations and avoidant actions as coeffects of perceived self-inefficacy. American Psychologist, 41(12), 1389–1391.
Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175-1184.
Bandura, A. (1990). Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection. Evaluation and Program Planning, 13, 9-17.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). Academic Press. (Reprinted from H. Friedman [Ed.], Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998)
Bandura, A. (1996). Social cognitive theory of human development. In T. Husen & T. N. Postlethwaite (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education (pp. 5513-5518). Pergamon Press.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. Worth Publishers.
Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 21-41.
Bandura, A. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 75-78.
Bandura, A. (2009). Social cognitive theory of mass communications. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 121-153). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education & Behavior, 31(2), 143-164.
Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Information Age Publishing.
Bandura, A. (2007). Much ado over a faulty conception of perceived self-efficacy grounded in faulty experimentation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(6),
641-658.
Bandura, A. (2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management, 38(1), 9-44.
Bandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency: pathways and reflections. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 130-136.
Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 586-598.
Bardecki, M. J. Participants’ response to the Delphi method: an attitudinal perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 1984, 25(3), 281–92.
Barry, M. J., & Edgman-Levitan, S. (2012). Shared decision making—pinnacle of patient centered care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 366(9), 780-781.
Basler, G. V., O’Connell, K. A., & Bundy, K. (2017). Near-falls in elderly community-dwelling blacks from two out-patient clinics in Harlem. Nursing Research, 66(1), 49-53.
Bergquist, R., Weber, M., Schwenk, M., Ulseth, S., Helbostad, J. L., Vereijken, B., & Taraldsen, K. (2019). Performance-based clinical tests of balance and muscle strength
used in young seniors: a systematic literature review. BMC Geriatrics, 19(1), 1-9.
Bhala, R. P., O’Donnell, J., & Thoppil, E. (1982). Ptophobia. Phobic fear of falling and its clinical management. Physical Therapy, 62(2), 187-190.
Billingham, S., Whitehead, A., & Julious, S. (2013). An audit of sample sizes for pilot and feasibility trials being undertaken in the United Kingdom registered in the United Kingdom Clinical Research Network database. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13(104), 1-6.
Bjerk, M., Brovold, T., Skelton, D. A., & Bergland, A. (2017). A falls prevention programme to improve quality of life, physical function and falls efficacy in older people
receiving home help services: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1-9), 559.
Blake, A. J., Morgan, K., Bendall, M. J., Dallosso, H., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Arie, T. H. D.,
Fentem, P. H., & Bassey, E.J. (1988). Falls by elderly people at home: Prevalence and associated factors. Age and Aging, 17(6), 35-372.
Bloch, F. (2017). To recognize fall related psychological concern should not lead to neglect other psychomotor consequences of falls. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17(4), 666-667.
Bohman, J. (2021). Critical Theory. In E. N. Zalta (Eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2021 Edition). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/critical-theory.
Bond, T. G., & Fox, C. M. (2015). Applying the Rasch model: Fundamental measurement in the human sciences (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Bower, E. S., Wetherell, J. L., Merz, C. C., Petkus, A. J., Malcarne, V. L., & Lenze, E. J. (2015). A new measure of fear of falling: psychometric properties of the fear of falling
questionnaire revised (FFQ-R). International Psychogeriatrics, 27(7), 1121-1133.
Brach, J. S., Perera, S., Studenski, S., & Newman, A.B. (2008). The reliability and validity of measures of gait variability in community-dwelling older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(12), 2293-2296.
Bradburn, N., Sudman, S., & Wansink, B. (2004). Asking questions: The definitive guide to questionnaire design – for market research, political polls, and social and health questionnaires. Jossey-Bass.
Brooke, P., & Bullock, R. (1999). Validation of a 6-item cognitive impairment test with a view to primary care usage. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(11), 936-940.
Buchner. (1993). Development of the common database for the FICSIT trials. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41(3), 297-308.
Cameron, I. D., Stafford, B., Cumming, R. G., Birks, C., Kurrle, S. E., Lockwood, K., . . .Salkeld, G. (2000). Hip protectors improve falls self-efficacy. Age and Ageing, 29(1), 57-62.
Cappelleri, J. C., Lundy, J. J., & Hays, R. D. (2014). Overview of classical test theory and item response theory for the quantitative assessment of items in developing patient-reported outcomes measures. Clinical Therapeutics, 36(5), 648-662.
Carty, C. P., Mills, P. & Barrett, R. (2011) Recovery from forward loss of balance in young and older adults using the stepping strategy. Gait Posture, 33(2), 261-7.
Cella, D., Gershon, R., Lai, J. S. and Choi, S. (2007). The future of outcome measurement: item banking, tailored short-forms, and computerized adaptive testing. Quality of Life Research, 16 (Suppl 1), 133–41.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, April 10). 30-second chair stand assessment. In. USA: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
https://www.cdc.gov/steadi/pdf/STEADI-Assessment-30Sec-508.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Timed Up and Go (TUG). In. USA: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/steadi/pdf/TUG_test-print.pdf
Centre for Clinical Practice. (2013, August 29). Falls: Assessment and prevention of falls in older people. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK).
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25506960/
Cheng, K. B. & Yeh, C. K. (2015) A unified approach for revealing multiple balance recovery strategies. Human Movement Science, 44, 307-16.
Clancy, A., Balteskard, B., Perander, B., & Mahler, M. (2015). Older persons’ narrations on falls and falling-stories of courage and endurance. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 10(26123), 1-10.
Clemson, L., Cumming, R. G., Kendig, H., Swann, M., Heard, R., & Taylor, K. (2004). The effectiveness of a community-based program for reducing the incidence of falls in the elderly: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(9), 1487-1494.
Commodari, E., & Guarnera, M. (2008). Attention and aging. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 20(6), 578-584.
COSMIN (2021, August 29). COSMIN helps you select the most suitable outcome measurement instruments. https://www.cosmin.nl/.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Sage Publications.
Crotty, M. (2005). Foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process. Sage Publications.
CSP. (2014, April 10). Outcome and experience measures. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. https://www.csp.org.uk/professional-clinical/research-evaluation/outcome- experience-measures
Cumming, S., Nevitt, M., & Kidd, S. (1988). Forgetting falls. The limited accuracy of recall of falls in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36, 613-616.
Dayton, M. R., Judd, D. L., Hogan, C. A., & Stevens-Lapsley, J. E. (2016). Performance- based versus self-reported outcomes using the hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score after total hip arthroplasty. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 95(2), 132-138.
de Jong, L. D., Lavender, A. P., Wortham, C., Skelton, D. A., Haines, T. P., & Hill, A. M. (2019). Exploring purpose-designed audio-visual falls prevention messages on older people’s capability and motivation to prevent falls. Health & Social Care in the Community, 27(4), e471-e482.
de Leeuw, E. D., Hox, J. J., & Dillman, D. A. (2008). International handbook of survey methodology. Psychology Press.
De Vet, E., de Nooijer, J., de Vries, N. K., Brug, J., de Vet, E., de Nooijer, J., . . . Brug, J. (2005). Determinants of forward stage transition from precontemplation and
contemplation for fruit consumption. American Journal of Health Promotion, 19(4), 278- 285.
De Vet, H. C. W., Terwee, C. B., Mokkink, L. B., & Knol, D. L. (2011). Measurement in medicine: A practical guide. Cambridge University Press.
Delbaere, K., Close, J. C., Brodaty, H., Sachdev, P., & Lord, S. R. (2010). Determinants of disparities between perceived and physiological risk of falling among elderly people: cohort study. BMJ, 341, c4165.
Delbaere, K., Kochan, N. A., Close, J. C. T., Menant, J. C., Sturnieks, D. L., Brodaty, H., . . . Lord, S. R. (2012). Mild cognitive impairment as a predictor of falls in
community-dwelling older people. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(10), 845- 853.
Delbaere, K., Smith, S. T., & Lord, S. R. (2011). Development and initial validation of the Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale using Item Response Theory Rasch model. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 66(6), 674- 680.
Dennett, D. (1991). Consciousness explained. Little, Brown & Co.
Department of Statistic Singapore. (2019, October 30). Census of population 2019. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/
Deshpande, A. M., Shiffman, R. N., Nadkarni, P. M. (2005). Meta-drive Delphi rating the internet. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 77: 49-56.
DeVon, H. A., Block, M. E., Moyle-Wright, P., Ernst, D. M., Hayden, S. J., Lazzara, D.J., . . . Kostas-Polston, E. (2007). A psychometric toolbox for testing validity and
reliability. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39(2), 155-164.
Diamantopoulos, A., Sarstedt, M., Fuchs, C. (2012). Guidelines for choosing between multi-item and single-item scales for construct measurement: a predictive validity
perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 40: 434-449.
Dickinson A, Horton K, Machen I, Bunn F, Cove J, Jain D, & Maddex, T. (2011). The role of health professionals in promoting the uptake of fall prevention interventions: a qualitative study of older people’s views. Age and Ageing, 40(6), 724-730. Di Giulio, I., Baltzopoulos, V., Maganaris, C. N. & LKoram, I. D. (2013) Human standing: does the control strategy preprogram a rigid knee? Journal of Applied Physiology, 114, 1717-1729.
Dinh, A., Shi, Y., Teng, D., Ralhan, A., Chen, L., Dal Bello-Haas, V., . . . McCrowsky, C. (2009). A fall and near-fall assessment and evaluation system. The Open Biomedical
Engineering Journal, 3, 1-7.
DiStefano, L. J., Clark, M. A., & Padua, D. A. (2009). Evidence supporting balance training in healthy individuals: a systematic review. The Journal of Strength and
Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2718-2731.
Dite, W., Temple, V.A. (2002). A clinical test of stepping and change of direction to identify multiple falling older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 83, 1566-1571.
Donohoe, H. M., Stellefson, M. L., & Tennant, B. (2012). Advantages and limitation of the e-Delphi technique. American Journal of Health Education, 43(1), 38-46.
Duncan, O. D. (1984). Rasch measurement: Further examples and discussion (Vol. 2). Russell Sage Foundation.
Durkin, K. (2014, April 10). Procedure for measuring hand grip strength using the Jamar dynamometer. NHS. https://www.uhs.nhs.uk/Media/Southampton-Clinical-
Research/Procedures/BRCProcedures/Procedure-for-measuring-gripstrength-using-the- JAMAR-dynamometer.pdf
Economic and Social Research Council (2021, January 21) Defining Impact. https://www.ukri.org/councils/esrc/impact-toolkit-for-economic-and-social-sciences/
Edwards, J. R., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000). On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs and measures. Psychological Reviews, 5, 155-174.
Edwards, N., & Lockett, D. (2008). Development and validation of a modified falls- efficacy scale. Disability & Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 3(4), 193-200.
Elboim-Gabyzon, M., Agmon, M., Azaiza, F. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Activities-specifc Balance Confidence (ABC) scale in ambulatory, community-dwelling, elderly people. Clinical Interventions in Ageing. 14, 1075-1084.
Eldridge, S. M., Chan, C. L., Campbell, M. J., Bond, C. M., Hopewell, S., & Thabane, L. (2016). CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. BMJ, 355(i5239), 1-29.
Ellmers, T. J., Paraskevopoulos, I. T., Williams, A. M. & Young, W. R. (2018). Recalibrating disparities in perceived and actual balance abilities in older adults: a mixed-
methods evaluation of a novel exergaming intervention. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 15(26), 1-12.
Erlingsson, C., & Brysiewicz, P. (2017). A hands-on guide to doing content analysis. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 7(3), 93-99.
Fadavi-Ghaffari, M., Azad, A., Meimandi, M., Arani-Kashani, Z., & Ghorbanpoor, H. (2019). The psychometric properties of falls efficacy scale in the elderly Iranian residents of nursing homes. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 17(3), 197-206.
Fahn, S., Elton, R., & UPDRS program members. (1987). Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (Vol. 2). Macmillan Healthcare Information.
Fayers, P. M., & Hand, D. J. (1997). Factor analysis, causal indicators, and quality of life. Quality of Life Research, 6, 139-150.
FDA. (2009, April 10). Guidance for industry patient-reported outcome measures: Use in medical product development to support labeling claims. Rockville: Office of
Communication, Education, and Radiation Programs U.S. Food & Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/Guidance
Filiatrault, J., Gauvin, L., Fournier, M., Parisien, M., Robitaille, Y., Laforest, S., . . .Richard, L. (2007). Evidence of the psychometric qualities of a simplified version of the
Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale for community-dwelling seniors. Archives Of Physical Medicine And Rehabilitation, 88(5), 664-672.
Fitch, K., Bernstein, S. J., Aguilar, M. D., Burnand, B., Lacalle, J. R., Lazaro, P., . . . Kahan, J. P. (2001). The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User’s Manual. RAND.
Fixsen, D., Scott, V., Blase, K., Naoom, S., & Wagar, L. (2011). When evidence is not enough: the challenge of implementing fall prevention strategies. Journal Of Safety
Research, 42(6), 419-422.
Fleischmann, M., & Vaughan, B. (2018). The challenges and opportunities of using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in clinical practice. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 28, 56-61.
Fleming, J., Matthews, F. E., Brayne, C., & the Cambridge City over-75s Cohort study collaboration. (2008). Falls in advanced old age: recalled falls and prospective follow-up of over-90-year-olds in the Cambridge City over-75s Cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 8(6), 1-11.
Fong, S. S., Ng, S. S., Liu, K. P., Pang, M. Y., Lee, H. W., Chung, J. W., . . . Guo, X. (2014). Musculoskeletal strength, balance performance, and self-efficacy in elderly Ving Tsun chinese martial art practitioners: implications for fall prevention. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 402314.
Fors, A. (2015). Person-centred care and self-efficacy – Experiences, measures and effects after an event of acute coronary syndrome. University of Gothenburg. Sweden.
Franchignoni, F., Horak, F., Godi, M., Nardone, A., & Giordano, A. (2010). Using psychometric techniques to improve the Balance Evaluation Systems Test: the mini-
BESTest. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 42(4), 323-331.
Gallagher, M., Hares, T., Spencer, J., Bradshaw, C., & Webb, I. (1993). The nominal group technique: a research tool for general practice? Family Practice, 10(1), 76-81.
Gardiner, S., Glogowska, M., Stoddart, C., Pendlebury, S., Lasserson, D., & Jackson, D. (2017). Older people’s experiences of falling and perceived risk of falls in the community: A narrative synthesis of qualitative research. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 12(4).
Gazibara, T., Kisic Tepavcevic, D., Svetel, M., Tomic, A., Stankovic, I., Kostic, V. S., & Pekmezovic, T. (2017). Near-falls in people with Parkinson’s disease: Circumstances,
contributing factors and association with falling. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 161, 51-55.
GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. (2018). Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. The Lancet, 392, 1859–1922.
Gerards, M. H. G., McCrum, C., Mansfield, A., & Meijer, K. (2017). Perturbation-based balance training for falls reduction among older adults: Current evidence and implications for clinical practice. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17(12), 2294-2303.
Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Gillespie, W. J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L. M., & Lamb, S. E. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, 9(CD007146), 1-370.
Glaser, E. M. (1980). Using behavioural science strategies for defining the state-of-the-art. Journal of Applied and Behavioural Science, 16(1), 79-92.
Gorecki, C., Brown, J. M., Cano, S., Lamping, D. L., Briggs, M., Coleman, S., . . . Nixon, J. (2013). Development and validation of a new patient-reported outcome measure for patients with pressure ulcers: the PU-QOL instrument. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(95), 1-12.
Graham, D. F., Carty, C. P., Lloyd, D. G. & Barrett, R. S. (2015) Biomechanical predictors of maximal balance recovery performance amongst community-dwelling older
adults. Experimental Gerontology, 66, 39-46.
Granacher, U., Muehlbauer, T., Zahner, L., Gollhofer, A., & Kressig, R. W. (2011). Comparison of traditional and recent approaches in the promotion of balance and strength in older adults. Sports Medicine, 41(5), 377-400.
Greenhalgh, J. (2009). The applications of PROs in clinical practice: what are they, do they work, and why? Quality of Life Research, 18(1), 115-123.
Greenhalgh, J., Pawson, R., Wright, J., Black, N., Valderas, J. M., Meads, D., . . . Dalkin, S. (2014). Functionality and feedback: a protocol for a realist synthesis of the collation, interpretation and utilisation of PROMs data to improve patient care. BMJ Open, 4(e005601), 1-7.
Gschwind, Y. J., Kressig, R. W., Lacroix, A., Muehlbauer, T., Pfenninger, B., & Granacher, U. (2013). A best practice fall prevention exercise program to improve
balance, strength / power, and psychosocial health in older adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics, 13(1), 1-13.
Guan, Q., Han, H. J., Li, Y. X., Zhao, L. J., Jin, L. J., & Zhan, Q. (2012). Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale adapted for the mainland population of China.
Clinical Rehabilitation, 26(7), 648-655.
Gustavsson, J., Jernbro, C., & Nilson, F. (2018). There is more to life than risk avoidance – elderly people’s experiences of falls, fall-injuries and compliant flooring. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 13(1), 1-9.
Hackney, M.E., & Earhard, G.M. (2010). Backward walking in Parkinson Disease. Movement Disorders. 24(2), 218-223.
Hadjistavropoulos, T., Delbaere, K., & Fitzgerald, T. D. (2011). Reconceptualizing the role of fear of falling and balance confidence in fall risk. Journal of Aging and Health, 23(1), 3-23.
Hadjistavropoulos, T., Martin, R. R., Sharpe, D., Lints-Martindale, A. C., McCreary, D. R., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007). A longitudinal investigation of fear of falling, fear of pain, and activity avoidance in community dwelling older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 19, 965-984.
Halaweh, H., Willen, C., Grimby-Ekman, A., & Svantesson, U. (2016). Physical functioning and fall-related efficacy among community-dwelling elderly people.
European Journal of Physiotherapy, 18(1), 11-17.
Haley, S. M., Jette, A. M., Coster, W. J., Kooyoomjian, J. T., Levenson, S., Heeren, T., & Ashba, J. (2002). Late Life Function and Disability Instrument: II. Development and
evaluation of the function component. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences, 57A, M217-M222.
Hallam, R. S., & Hinchcliffe, R. (1991). Emotional stability: its relationship to confidence in maintaining balance. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 35, 421-430.
Halvarsson, A., Franzén, E., & Ståhle, A. (2015). Balance training with multi-task exercises improves fall-related self-efficacy, gait, balance performance and physical
function in older adults with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 29(4), 365-375.
Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1995). Ethnography: Principles in Practice. Routledge. Harter, S. (1990). Causes, correlates, and the functional role of global self-worth: A life- span perspective. In R. J. Sternberg & J.Kolligian (Eds.), Competence considered (pp. 67- 97). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hartholt, K. A., van Beeck, E. F., & van der Cammen, T. J. M. (2018). Mortality from falls in dutch adults 80 years and older, 2000-2016. JAMA, 319(13), 1380-1382.
Hauer, K. A., Kempen, G. I., Schwenk, M., Yardley, L., Beyer, N., Todd, C., . . . Zijlstra, G. A. (2011). Validity and sensitivity to change of the falls efficacy scales international to assess fear of falling in older adults with and without cognitive impairment. Gerontology, 57(5), 462-472.
Hauer, K., Lamb, S. E., Jorstad, E. C., Todd, C., Becker, C., & Group, P. (2006). Systematic review of definitions and methods of measuring falls in randomised controlled
fall prevention trials. Age and Ageing, 35(1), 5-10.
Higgs, J., Jones, M. A., Loftus, S., & Christensen, N. (2008). Clinical reasoning in the health professions (3rd ed.). Elsevier.
Hill, K. D., Schwarz, J. A., Kalogeropoulos, A. J., & Gibson, S. J. (1996). Fear of fallingrevisited. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 77(10), 1025-1029.
Hilliard, M. J., Martinez, K. M., Janssen, I., Edwards, B., Mille, M., Zhang, Y. & Rogers, M. W. (2008) Lateral balance factors predict future falls in community-living older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 89(9), 1708-1713.
Hofmeyer, M.R., Alexander, N.B., Nyquist, L.V., Medell, J.L., Koreishi, A. (2002). Floor- rise strategy training in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 1702-1706.
Horak, F. B. (2006). Postural orientation and equilibrium: what do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls? Age and Ageing, 35 Suppl 2, ii7-ii11.
Horak, F. B., & Nashner, L. M. (1986). Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support-surface configurations. Journal of Neurophysiology, 55(6), 1- 13.
Horak, F. B., Wrisley, D. M., & Frank, J. (2009). The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) to differentiate balance deficits. Physical Therapy, 89(5), 484-498.
Horkheimer, M. & Adorno, T. W. (1972). Dialectic of Enlightenment. New York: Seabury.
Hotchkiss, A., Fisher, A., Robertson, R., Ruttencutter, A., Schuffert, J., & Barker, D. B. (2004). Convergent and predictive validity of three scales related to falls in the elderly. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58(1), 100-103.
Howland, J., Lachman, M. E., Peterson, E. W., Cote, J., Kasten, L., & Jette, A. (1998). Covariates of fear of falling and associated activity curtailment. Gerontologist, 38(5), 549- 555.
Howland, J., Peterson, L., Levin, W., Fried, L., Pordon, D., & Bak, S. (1993). Fear of falling among the community-dwelling elderly. Journal of Aging and Health, 5, 229-243.
Huang, T. T. (2006). Geriatric fear of falling measure: development and psychometric testing. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(3), 357-365.
Hughes, C. C., Kneebone, I. I., Jones, F., & Brady, B. (2015). A theoretical and empirical review of psychological factors associated with fall-related psychological concerns in community-dwelling older people. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(7), 1071-1087.
Huxham, F. E., Goldie, P. A., & Patla, A. E. (2001). Theoretical considerations in balance assessment. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 47(2), 89-100.
Ioannidis, J. P., Greenland, S., Hlatky, M. A., Khoury, M. J., Macleod, M. R., Moher, D., . . . Tibshirani, R. (2014). Increasing value and reducing waste in research design,
conduct, and analysis. Lancet, 383(9912), 166-175.
Jacobs, J. V., Horak, F. B., Van Tran, K., & Nutt, J. G. (2006). An alternative clinical postural stability test for patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal Of Neurology, 253(11), 1404-1413.
James, S. L., Lucchesi, L. R., Bisignano, C., Castle, C. D., Dingels, Z. V., Fox, J. T., . . . et al. (2020). The global burden of falls: global, regional and national estimates of morbidity and mortality from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Injury Prevention, 26 (Supp1), i3-i11. JISC. (2021, July 26). Online surveys. JISC. https://www.onlinesurveys.ac.uk/
Johnson, D. H., & Johnson, F. P. (2013). Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills. Pearson.
Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112-133.
Johnson, S. T. (2018). Falls and fall prevention in community-dwelling older adults. Uppsala University. Sweden.
Johnston, B. C., Patrick, D. L., Devji, T., Maxwell, L. J., Bingham III, C. O., Beaton, D. E., . . . Guyatt, G. H. (2018, May 29). Chapter 18: Patient-reported outcomes. Cochrane
Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0. Cochrane. https://www.training.cochrane.org/handbook
Jones, C. J., Rikli, R. E., & Beam, W. C. (1999). A 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70(2), 113-119.
Jootun, D., McGhee, G., & Marland, G. R. (2009). Reflexivity: promoting rigour in qualitative research. Nursing Standard, 23(42-46).
Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34, 183-202.
Jørstad, E. C., Hauer, K., Becker, C., Lamb, S. E., & ProFaNE Group. (2005). Measuring the psychological outcomes of falling: a systematic review. Journal of the American
Geriatrics Society, 53(3), 501-510.
Jung, D. (2008). Fear of falling in older adults: comprehensive review. Asian Nursing Research, 2(4), 214-222.
Kamper, S. J., Ostelo, R. W., Knol, D. J., Maher, C. G., De Vet, H., & Hancock, M. J. (2010). Global Perceived Effect scales provided reliable assessments of health transition in people with musculoskeletal disorders, but ratings are strongly influenced by current status. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(7), 760-766.
Karström, L., Yttergren, M., Borgblad, M., & Stenström, C. H. (2002). The Falls-Efficacy Scale. Nordisk Fysioterapi, 6(2), 66-73.
Katzman, R., Brown, T., & Fuld, P. (1983). Validation of a short orientation-memory-concentration test of cognitive impairment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 734-739.
Kellogg International Work Group. (1987). The prevention of falls in later life. A report of the Kellogg International Work Group on the Prevention of Falls by the Elderly. The Danish Medical Birth Registry, 34(Suppl 4), 1-24.
Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
Klingels, K., Mayhew, A. G., Mazzone, E. S., Duong, T., Decostre, V., Werlauff, U., . . .Upper Limb Clinical Outcome Group. (2016). Development of a patient‐reported outcome measure for upper limb function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: DMD Upper Limb PROM. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 59(2), 224-231.
Komisar, V., McIlroy, W. E., & Duncan, C. A. (2019). Individual, task, and environmental influences on balance recovery: a narrative review of the literature and implications for preventing occupational falls. IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors, 7(2), 91-118.
Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2014). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (5th ed.). Sage.
Kumar, A., Delbaere, K., Zijlstra, G. A. R., Carpenter, H., Iliffe, S., Masud, T., . . . Kendrick, D. (2016). Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the
community: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing, 45(3), 345- 352.
Kurz, I., Gimmon, Y., Shapiro, A., Debi, R., Snir, Y., & Melzer, I. (2016). Unexpected perturbations training improves balance control and voluntary stepping times in older adults – a double blind randomized control trial. BMC Geriatrics, 16, 1-11.
Kyte, D. G., Calvert, M., Van der Wees, P. J., ten Hove, R., Tolan, S., & Hill, J. C. (2015). An introduction to patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in physiotherapy.
Physiotherapy, 101(2), 119-125.
Lach, H. W. (2006). Self-efficacy and fear of falling: in search of complete theory. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(2), 381-382.
Lachenbruch, P., Reinsch, S., MacRae, P., & Tobis, J. (1991). Adjusting for recall bias with proportional hazard model. Methods of Information in Medicine, 30, 108-110.
Lachman, M. E., Howland, J., Tennstedt, S., Jette, A., Assmann, S., & Peterson, E. W. (1998). Fear of falling and activity restriction: the survey of activities and fear of falling in the elderly (SAFE). Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 53B(1), P43-P50.
Lacy, A., & Williams, S. (2018). Measurement and Evaluation in Physical Education and Exercise Science (8th ed.). Routledge.
Lamb, S. E., Jorstad-Stein, E. C., Hauer, K., Becker, C., Prevention of Falls NetworkEurope, & Outcomes Consensus Group. (2005). Development of a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials: the Prevention of Falls Network Europe consensus. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(9), 1618-1622.
Landers, M. R., Durand, C., Powell, D. S., Dibble, L. E., & Young, D. L. (2011). Development of a scale to assess avoidance behavior due to a fear of falling: the fear of
falling avoidance behavior questionnaire. Physical Therapy, 91(8), 1253-1265.
Langeard, A., Torre, M. M., & Temprado, J. J. (2021). A dual-task paradigm using the oral trail making test while walking to study cognitive-motor interactions in older adults. Frontier Ageing Neuroscience, 13, 712463.
Lavedan, A., Viladrosa, M., Jurschik, P., Botigue, T., Nuin, C., Masot, O., & Lavedan, R. (2018). Fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults: A cause of falls, a
consequence, or both? PLoS One, 13(3), e0194967.
Lee, S. K., Kwon, H. R., Cho, H., Kim, J., & Lee, D. (2016, October 30). International Case studies of Smart Cities – Singapore, Republic of Singapore. Inter-American
Development Bank. https://publications.iadb.org/en/international-case-studies-smart- cities-singapore-republic-singapore
Legters, K. (2002). Fear of Falling. Physical Therapy, 82, 264-272.
Li, F., Fisher, K. J., Harmer, P., & McAuley, E. (2005). Falls self-efficacy as a mediator of fear of falling in an exercise intervention for older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(1), P34-P40.
Li, F., McAuley, E., Fisher, K. J., Harmer, P., Chaumeton, N., & Wilson, N. L. (2002). Self-efficacy as a mediator between fear of falling and functional ability in the elderly.
Journal of Aging and Health, 14(4), 452-466.
Linacre, J. M. (2021, June 11). Winsteps® (Version 4.8.2.0) [Computer Software]. Winsteps. https://www.winsteps.com
Linacre, M. (1994). Sample size and item calibration [or person measure] stability. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 7(4), 328.
Lord, F. M., & Novick, M. R. (2008). Statistical theory of mental test scores. Information Age Publishing Inc.
Lord, S. R., & Fitzpatrick, R. C. (2001). Choice stepping reaction time: A composite measure of falls risk in older people. The Journals of Gerontology. 56(10), M627-M632.
Lord, S. R., Sherrington, C., Menz, H. B., & Close , J. C. T. (2007). Falls in older people: Risk factors and strategies for prevention (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Lurie, J. D., Zagaria, A. B., Ellis, L., Pidgeon, D., Gill-Body, K. M., Burke, C., . . .McDonough, C. M. (2020). Surface perturbation training to prevent falls in older adults: a
highly pragmatic, randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy, 100, 1153-1162.
Lusardi, M. M., & Smith, J. E. V. (1997). Development of a scale to assess concern about falling and applications to treatment programs. Journal of Outcome Measurement, 1(1), 34-55.
Maidan, I., Freedman, T., Tzemah, R., Giladi, N., Mirelman, A., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2014). Introducing a new definition of a near fall: intra-rater and inter-rater reliability.
Gait Posture, 39(1), 645-647.
Mak, M. K., Lau, A. L., Law, F. S., Cheung, C. C., & Wong, I. S. (2007). Validation of the chinese translated Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale. Archives Of Physical Medicine And Rehabilitation, 88(4), 496-503.
Maki, B. E., & McIlroy, W. E. (1996). Postural control in the older adult. Clinics In Geriatric Medicine, 12(4), 635-658.
Maki, B., & McIlroy, W. E. (1997). The role of limb movements in maintaining upright stance: the “change-in-support” strategy. Physical Therapy, 77(5), 488-507.
Maki, B. E., & McIlroy, W. E. (1999). Control of compensatory stepping reactions: age- related impairment and the potential for remedial intervention. Physiotherapy Theory & Practice, 15(2), 69-90.
Maki, B. E., & McIlroy, W. E. (2006). Control of rapid limb movements for balance recovery: age-related changes and implications for fall prevention. Age and Ageing, 35 Suppl 2, ii12-ii18.
Maki, B. E., Cheng, K. C., Mansfield, A., Scovil, C. Y., Perry, S. D., Peters, A. L., . . . McIlroy, W. E. (2008). Preventing falls in older adults: new interventions to promote more
effective change-in-support balance reactions. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(2), 243-254.
Maki, B. E., McIlroy, W. E., & Fernie, G. R. (2003). Change-in-support reactions for balance recovery. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 22(2), 20-26.
Maki, B. E., Perry, S. D., Scovil, C. Y., Peters, A. L., McKay, S. M., Lee, T. A., . . . McIlroy, W. E. (2008). Interventions to promote more effective balance-recovery
reactions in industrial settings: new perspectives on footwear and handrails. Industrial Health, 46(1), 40-50.
Maki, B. E., Sibley, K. M., Jaglal, S. B., Bayley, M., Brooks, D., Fernie, G. R., . . . Zettel, J. L. (2011). Reducing fall risk by improving balance control: development, evaluation
and knowledge-translation of new approaches. Journal of Safety Research, 42(6), 473- 485.
Mancini, M., & Horak, F. (2010). The relevance of clinical balance assessment tool to differentiate balance deficits. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 46(2), 239-248.
Manley, K., & McCormack, B. (2003). Practice development: purpose, methodology, facilitation and evaluation. Nursing in Critical Care, 8, 22-29.
Mansfield, A., Peters, A. L., Liu, B. A., & Maki, B. E. (2010). Effect of a perturbation-based balance training program on compensatory stepping and grasping reactions in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Journal, 90(4), 476-491.
Mansfield, A., Wong, J. S., Bryce, J., Knorr, S., & Patterson, K. K. (2015). Does perturbation-based balance training prevent falls? Systematic review and meta-analysis of preliminary randomized controlled trials. Physical Therapy, 95(5), 700-709. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140090
Manton, K. J., Gauld, C. S., White, K. M., Griffin, P. M., & Elliott, S. L. (2018). Qualitative study investigating the underlying motivations of healthy participants in phase
I clinical trials. Public Health, 9(e024224), 1-9.
Marinsek, M. & Cuk, I. (2010) Landing errors in the men’s floor exercise are caused by flight characteristics. Biology of Sport, 27(2), 123-128.
Marks, I., & Bebbington, P. (1976). Space phobia: syndrome or agoraphobic variant? BMJ, 2, 345-347.
Marsh, H. W., Walker, & Debus, R. (1991). Subject-specific components of academic self-concept and self-efficacy. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 16, 331-345.
Massion, J. & Woollacott, M. H. (2004) Posture and equilibrium (3rd ed.). London:
Arnold. McAuley, E., Mihalko, S. L., & Rosengren, K. (1997). Self-efficacy and balance correlates of fear of falling in the elderly. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity, 5(4), 329- 340.
McCance, T., Gribben, B., McCormack, B., & Laird, E. A. (2013). Promoting person-centred practice within acute care: the impact of culture and context on a facilitated
practice development programme. International Practice Development Journal, 3(1), 1- 17.
McCormack, B., & Garbett, R. (2003). The meaning of practice development: evidence from the field. Collegian, 10(3), 13-16.
McCormack, B., & McCance, T. (2017). Person-Centred Practice in Nursing and Health Care: Theory and Practice. Wiley Blackwell.
McCormack, B., Manley, K., & Titchen, A. (2013). Introduction. in McCormack, B., Manley, K., and Titchen, A. (Eds.) (2013) Practice Development in Nursing and
Healthcare. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
McCrum, C. (2018). Falls among older people-are intervention duration and specificity the keys to making a difference? BMJ, 361, k2213.
McCrum, C., Gerards, M. H. G., Karamanidis, K., Zijlstra, W., & Meijer, K. (2017). A systematic review of gait perturbation paradigms for improving reactive stepping
responses and falls risk among healthy older adults. European Review Of Aging and Physical Activity, 14(3), 1-11.
McIlroy, W. E. & Maki, B. E. (1995) Early activation of arm muscles follows external perturbation of upright stance. Neuroscience Letters, 184, 177-180.
McIver, J. P., & Carmines, E. G. (1981). Unidimensional scaling (Quantitative applications in the social sciences). Sage Publications.
McKenna, S. P., Heaney, A. (2021). Setting and maintaining standards for patient-reported outcome measures: can we rely on the COSMIN checklists? Journal of Medical Economics, 24(1): 502-511.
McKenna, S. P., Heaney, A., & Wilburn, J. (2019). Measurement of patient-reported outcomes. 2: Are current measures failing us? Journal of Medical Economics, 22(6), 523-530.
McKenna, S. P., Heaney, A., Wilburn, J., & Stenner, A. J. (2019). Measurement of patient-reported outcomes. 1: The search for the Holy Grail. Journal of Medical
Economics, 22(6), 516-522.
McMillan, S. S., King, M., & Tully, M. P. (2016). How to use the nominal group and delphi techniques. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 38(3), 655-662.
Melzer, I., Kurz, I., Shahar, D., Levi, M., & Oddsson, L. (2007). Application of the voluntary step execution test to identify elderly fallers. Age and Ageing, 36(5), 532-537.
Mihaljcic, T., Haines, T. P., Ponsford, J. L., & Stolwyk, R. J. (2017). Investigating the relationship between reduced self-awareness of falls risk, rehabilitation engagement and falls in older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 69, 38-44.
Miyamoto, K., Takebayashi, H., Takimoto, K., Miyamoto, S., Morioka, S., & Yagi, F. (2008). A new simple performance test focused on agility in elderly people: The ten step test. Gerontology. 54, 365-372.
MOH. (2014, October 30). Creating senior-friendly communities: Tips and tools from the city for all ages project. Ministry of Health. https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/educational-resources/cfaa-guidebook—creating-senior-friendly-communities.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ, 339(b2535), 1-8.
Mokkink, L. B., Terwee, C. B., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Stratford, P. W., Knol, D. L., . . .De Vet, H. C. (2010). The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study. Quality of Life Research, 19(4), 539-549.
Mokkink, L. B., De Vet, H. C., Prinsen, C. A., et al. (2018) COSMIN risk of bias checklist for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Quality of Life Research, 27(5): 1171–1179.
Moon, Y., & Sosnoff, J. J. (2017). Safe landing strategies during a fall: systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98(4), 783-794.
Moore, D. S., & Ellis, R. (2008). Measurement of fall-related psychological constructs among independent-living older adults: a review of the research literature. Aging and Mental Health, 12(6), 684-699.
Montero-Odasso, M., Van Der Velde, N., Alexander, N. B., Becker, C., Blain, H., Camicioli, R., . . . on behalf of the Task Force on Global Guidelines for Falls in Older
Adults. (2021). New horizons in falls prevention and management for older adults: a global initiative. Age and Ageing, 1-9.267
Mourey, F., Manckoundia, P., Martin-Arveux, I., Tavernier-Vidal, B., & Pfitzenmeyer, P. (2004). Psychomotor disadaptation syndrome. A new clinical entity in geriatric patients. Geriatrics, 59, 20-24.
Murphy, J., & Isaacs, B. (1982). The post-fall syndrome. A study of 36 elderly patients. Gerontology, 28(4), 265-270.
Myers, A. M., Holliday, P. J., Harvey, K. A., & Hutchinson, K. S. (1993). Functional performance measures: are they superior to self-assessments? The Journals of
Gerontology, 48, 196-206.
Nagai, K., Yamada, M., Komatsu, M., Tamaki, A., Kanai, M., Miyamoto, T., . . . Tsuboyama, T. (2017). Near falls predict substantial falls in older adults: A prospective
cohort study. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17(10), 1477-1480.
Nanthapaiboon, K., Wannapakhe, J., Viriyatarakij, N., & Boonsinsukh, R. (2018). Assessment of internal consistency and convergent validity of the Activities-specific
Balance Confidence (ABC) scale Thai version. Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal. 13(1), 1-7.
Nashner, L. M. (1979). Organization and programming of motor activity during posture control. Progress in Brain Research, 50, 177-184.
Navarro, M. D. (2020). Patients’ empowerment and the role of patients’ education. Medical Research Archives, 8(12), 1-7.
NICE. (2017, July 26). Falls in older people. National Institute for Health and CareExcellence. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs86
NIH. (2014, December 28). Consensus document on frailty and falls prevention among the elderly. Spain Retrieved from Inter-territorial Council of the National Health System. https://www.mscbs.gob.es/eu/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/Estrategia/docs/
Fragilidad/Frailtyandfalls_Elderly.pdf
Nijsten, T., Unaeze, J., & Stern, R. S. (2006). Refinement and reduction of the impact of Psoriasis Questionnaire: classical test theory vs. Rasch analysis. British Journal of
Dermatology, 154(4), 692-700.
Nor, R., Justine, M., Joanny, A., & Zolkafli, A. A. (2021). Effectiveness of a 3-month antifalling program in the mobility, balance confidence, and muscle performance of older adults. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 17(4), 247-255.
Nyumba, T. O., Wilson, K., Derrick, C. J., & Mukherjee, N. (2018). The use of focus group discussion methodology: Insights from two decades of application in conservation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(1).
Okubo, Y., Sturnieks, D. L., Brodie, M. A., Duran, L., & Lord, S. R. (2019). Effect of reactive balance training involving repeated slips and trips on balance recovery among
older adults: a blinded randomized controlled trial. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 74(9), 1489-1496.
Onodera, C. M. K., Coelho-Júnior, H. J., Sampaio, R. A. C., Lana, J. F. S. D., Teixeira, L. F. M., Uchuda, M. C., & Bizzacchi, M. A. A. (2020). The importance of objectively measuring functional tests in complement to self-report assessments in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Gait and Posture. 82: 33-37
Orr, R. (2010). Contribution of muscle weakness to postural instability in the elderly. A systematic review. European Journal of Physical Rehabilitation Medicine. 46: 183-220.
Pajares, F. (1997). Current directions in self-efficacy research. In M. Maehr & P. R. Pintrich (Ed.). Advances in Motivation and Achievement (pp. 1-49). Greenwich, CT: JAI
Press.
Pajares, F. (2002, August 26). Overview of social cognitive theory and self-efficacy. http://www.emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/eff.html.
Pajares, F., Hartley, J., & Valiante, G. (2001). Response format in writing self-efficacy assessment: Greater discrimination increases prediction. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33, 214-221.
Palmgren, A., Ståhle, A., Roaldsen, K. S., Dohrn, I. M., & Halvarsson, A. (2019). “Stay balanced” – effectiveness of evidence-based balance training for older adults transferred into a physical therapy primary care setting – a pilot study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(13), 1797-1802.
Papadimitriou, A., & Perry, P. (2017). A systematic review of the effects of perturbation training on preventing falls. New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy, 45(1), 31-49.
Parker, C., Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball sampling. SAGE Research Methods Foundations, 1-13.
Parry, S. W., Steen, N., Galloway, S. R., Kenny, R. A., & Bond, J. (2001). Falls and confidence related quality of life outcome measures in an older British cohort.
Postgraduate Medical Journal, 77(904), 103-108.
Pater, M. L., Rosenblatt, N. J. & Grabiner, M. D. (2015) Expectation of an upcoming large postural perturbation influences the recovery stepping response and outcome. Gait and Posture, 41(1), 335-337.
Patti, A., Bianco, A., Sahin, N., Sekulic, D., Paoli, A., Iovane, A., Messina, G., Gagey, P. M. & Palma, A. (2018) Postural control and balance in a cohort of healthy people living in Europe: An observational study. Medicine, 97(52), e13835.
Patton, M. (1990). Designing qualitative studies. Qualitative evaluation and researchmethods. Sage Publications.
Pauelsen, M., Nyberg, L., Röijezon, U., & Vikman, I. (2018). Both psychological factors and physical performance are associated with fall-related concerns. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 30(9), 1079-1085.
Payette, M. C., Bélanger, C., Léveillé, V., & Grenier, S. (2016). Fall-related psychological concerns and anxiety among community-dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 11(4), 381-382.
Peel, N. M. (2011). Epidemiology of falls in older age. Canadian Journal on Aging, 30(1), 7-19.
Peretz, C., Herman, T., Hausdorff, J. M., & Giladi, N. (2006). Assessing fear of falling: Can a short version of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale be useful?
Movement Disorders Journal, 21(12), 2101-2105.
Perrot, A., Castanier, C., Maillot, P., & Zitari, H. (2018). French validation of the modified-falls efficacy scale (M-FES Fr). Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics, 78, 233-239 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2018.07.001
Patton, M. (1990). Designing qualitative studies. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Sage Publications.
Penfield, T., Baker, M. J., Scoble, R., & Wykes, M. C. (2014). Assessment, evaluations, and definitions of research impact: A review. Research Evaluation, 23(1), 21-32.
Pezalla, A. E., Pettigrew, J., & Miller-Day, M. (2012). Researching the researcher-as-instrument: an exercise in interviewer self-reflexivity. Qualitative Research, 12(2), 165-
185.
Phelan, E. A., Rillamas-Sun, E., Johnson, L., LaMonte, M. J., Buchner, D. M., LaCroix,A. Z., & Anderson, G. L. (2020). Determinants, circumstances and consequences of
injurious falls among older women living in the community. Injury Prevention, 27(1), 1-8.
Phu, S., Kirk, B., & Duque, G. (2020). Postural instability – balance, posture and gait. Encyclopedia of Biomedical Gerontology, 64-76.
Piantadosi, S. (2005). Clinical trials: a methodologic perspective. Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pijnappels, M., Kingma, I., Wezenberg, D., Reurink, G., & van Dieën, J. H. (2010). Armed against falls: the contribution of arm movements to balance recovery after tripping. Experimental Brain Research, 201(4), 689-699.
Pijnappels, M., Reeves, N. D., Maganaris, C. N., & van Dieen, J. H. (2008). Tripping without falling; lower limb strength, a limitation for balance recovery and a target for
training in the elderly. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(2), 188-196.
Podsiadlo, D., & Richardson, S. (1991). The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39(2), 142-148.
Politi, M. (2013). Importance of clarifying patients’ desired role in shared decision making. BMJ Case Reports, 347, 18-19.
Potter, M., Gordon, S., & Hamer, P. (2004). The nominal group technique: a useful consensus methodology in physiotherapy research. New Zealand Journal of
Physiotherapy, 32(3), 126-130.
Powell, L. E., & Myers, A. M. (1995). The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 50A(1), M28-M34.
Prinsen, C. A. C., Mokkink, L. B., Bouter, L. M., Alonso, J., Patrick, D. L., De Vet, H. C. W., & Terwee, C. B. (2018). COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-
reported outcome measures. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1147-1157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1798-3
Pua, Y. H., Ong, P. H., Clark, R. A., Matcher, D. B., & Lim, E. C. W. (2017). Falls efficacy, postural balance, and risk for falls in older adults with fall-related emergency
department visits: prospective cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 17, 1-7.
R Core Team. (2020, June 11). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. The R Foundation. https://www.R-project.org
Raad, J., Moore, J., Hamby, J., Rivadelo, R. L., & Straube, D. (2013). A brief review of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale in older adults. Archives of Physical
Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94, 1426-1427.
Rachman, S. J. (1978). Fear and courage: A psychological perspective. Social Research, 71(1), 149-176.
Reeve, J. (2009). Understanding Motivation and Emotion. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
REF. (2021). Research Excellence Framework. UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). https://www.ref.ac.uk
Reuben, D.B., Seeman, T.E., Keeler, E., Hayes, R. P., Bowman, L., Sewall, A., …Guralnik, J. M. (2004). Refining the categorization of physical functional status: the added
value of combining self-reported and performance-based measures. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences. 59A(10): 1056-1061.
Rinaldi, N. M., Lim, J., Hamill, J., Van Emmerik, R., & Moraes, R. (2018). Walking combined with reach-to-grasp while crossing obstacles at different distances. Gait
Posture, 65, 1-7.
Ring, L., Gross, C. R., & McColl, E. (2010). Putting the text back into context: toward increased use of mixed methods for quality of life research. Quality of Life Research,
19(5), 613-615.
Robson, K., Coyle, J., & Pope, R. (2018). Exploration of older people’s perceptions of behavioural factors associated with falls. Age and Ageing, 47(5), 734-740.
Rochat, S., Bula, C., Martin, E., Ganea, R., Hoskovec, C., Ionescu, A., . . . Santos-Eggimann, B. (2008). Does falls efficacy predict gait performance in high-functioning
older people? Gerontologist, 48, 536-536.
Rolfe, G., Freshwater, D., & Jasper, M. (2001). Critical reflection in nursing and the helping professions: a user’s guide. Palgrave Macmillan.
Rosengren, K. S., McAuley, E., & Mihalko, S. L. (1998). Gait adjustments in older adults:activity and efficacy influences. Psychology And Aging, 13(3), 375-386.
Rothrock, N. E., Kaiser, K. A., & Cella, D. (2011). Developing a valid patient-reported outcome measure. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 90(5), 737-742.
Rubenstein, L. Z. (2006). Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age and Ageing, 35 Suppl 2, ii37-ii41.
Ryan, J. W., Dinkel, J. L. & Petrucci, K. (1993). Near fall incidents a study of older adults in the community. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 19(12), 23-28.
Rycroft-Malone, J., Seers, K., Chandler, J., Hawkes, C. A., Crichton, N., Allen, C., . . .
Strunin, L. (2013). The role of evidence, context, and facilitation in an implementation trial: implications for the development of the PARIHS framework. Implementation
Science, 8(28), 1-13.
Said, C. M., Batchelor, F., Shaw, K., & Blennerhassett, J. (2016). Preparing patients at high risk of falls for discharge home after rehabilitation: Do we meet the guidelines? Geriatric and Gerontology International, 16, 570-576.
Scherpenzeel, A. (2002). Why use 11-point scales. Swiss Household Panel, 9, 2008.
Schoene, D., Heller, C., Aung, Y. N., Sieber, C. C., Kemmler, W., & Freiberger, E. (2019). A systematic review on the influence of fear of falling on quality of life in older
people: is there a role for falls? Clinical Interventions in Aging, 14, 701-719.
Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner. How professionals think in action. Basic Books.
Schott, N. (2008). German adaptation of the “Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale” for the assessment of fall-related self-efficacy. Zeitschrift Fur Gerontologie Und Geriatrie, 41(6), 475-485.
Schott, N. (2014). Reliability and validity of the German short version of the Activities specific Balance Confidence (ABC-D6) scale in older adults. Archives of Gerontology &Geriatrics, 59(2), 272-279.
Sechrest, L., & Sidani, S. (1995). Quantitative and qualitative methods: is there an alternative? Evaluation and Program Planning, 18(1), 77-87.
Shalin, D. N. (1992). Introduction: Hebermas, Pragmatism, Interactionism. Symbolic Interaction, 15(3): 251-260.
Sherrington, C., Fairhall, N. J., Wallbank, G. K., Tiedemann, A., Michaleff, Z. A., Howard, K., . . . Lamb, S. E. (2019). Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in
the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1(1), CD012424.
Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. H. (2017). Motor control: translating research into clinical practice (5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Shumway-Cook, A., Gruber, W., Baldwin, M., & Liao, S. (1997). The effect of multidimensional exercises on balance, mobility, and fall risk in community-dwelling
older adults. Physical Therapy, 77(1), 46-57.
Sibley, K. M., Inness, E. L., Straus, S. E., Salbach, N. M., & Jaglal, S. B. (2013). Clinical assessment of reactive postural control among physiotherapists in Ontario, Canada. Gait Posture, 38(4), 1026-1031.
Sibley, K. M., Straus, S. E., Inness, E. L., Salbach, N. M., & Jaglal, S. B. (2011). Balance assessment practices and use of standardized balance measures among Ontario physical therapists. Physical Therapy, 91(11), 1583-1591.
Silva, A. G., Queiros, A., Sa-Couto, P., & Rocha, N. P. (2015). Self-reported disability: association with lower extremity performance and other determinants in older adults attending primary care. Physical Therapy, 95(12), 1628-1637.
Silverman, R., & Kwiatkowski, T. (1998). Research fundamentals: III. Elements of a research protocol for clinical trials. Academic Emergency Medicine, 5(12), 1218-1223.
Sim, J., & Waterfield, J. (2019). Focus group methodology: some ethical challenges. Quality and Quantity, 53, 3003-3022.
Simpson, J. M., Worsfold, C., Fisher, K. D., & Valentine, J. D. (2009). The CONFbal scale: a measure of balance confidence — a key outcome of rehabilitation. Physiotherapy, 95(2), 103-109.
Simpson, J., Worsfold, C., & Hawke, J. (1998). Balance confidence in elderly people – the CONFbal Scale. Age and Ageing, 27(suppl 2), 57-57.
Singapore Business Review. (2018, October 30). 4.83 million Singaporeans are now online. https://sbr.com.sg/information-technology/news/483-million-singaporeans-are-now-online
Sloan, J. A., Aaronson, N., Cappelleri, J. C., Fairclough, D. L., Varricchio, C., & Clinical Significance Consensus Meeting Group. (2002). Assessing the clinical significance of
single items relative to summated scores. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 77(5), 479-487.
Smith, A. B., Rush, R., Fallowfield, L. J., Velikova, G., & Sharpe, M. (2008). Rasch fit statistics and sample size considerations for polytomous data. BMC Medical Research
Methodology, 8(33), 1-11.
Smith, J. K., & Heshusius, L. (1986). Closing down the conversation: the end of the quantitative–qualitative debate among educational inquirers. Educational Researcher, 15(1), 4-13.
Smulders, E., Weerdesteyn, V., Groen, B. E., Duysens, J., Eijsbouts, A., Laan, R., & van Lankveld, W. (2010). Efficacy of a short multidisciplinary falls prevention program for elderly persons with osteoporosis and a fall history: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(11), 1705-1711.
Soh, S. L. H. (2021, July 14). Validation of a new scale of balance recovery confidence for community-dwelling older adults. NIH.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04577365.
Soh, S. L. H., Gilmour, F., Lane, J., Asokan, S., Woan, K. L., & Tan, C. W. (2021). Constructing a measure of balance recovery confidence for older persons: content themes
from different stakeholders. International Practice Development Journal, 11(1), 1-19.
Soh, S. L. H., Lane, J., & Tan, C. W. (2020). Researcher as instrument: a critical reflection using nominal group technique for content development of a new patient-reported outcome measure. International Practice Development Journal, 10(2), 1-9.
Soh, S. L. H., Lane, J., Gleeson, N., Xu, T., Rahman, F. B. A., Yeh, T. T., Soon, B., & Tan C. W. (2021). Validation of a new patient-reported outcome measure of balance
recovery confidence (BRC) for community-dwelling older adults: a study protocol. Physical Therapy Reviews, https://doi.org/10.1080/10833196.2021.1938867.
Soh, S. L. H., Lane, J., Xu, T., Gleeson, N., & Tan, C. W. (2021). Falls efficacy instruments for community-dwelling older adults: a COSMIN-based systematic review.
BMC Geriatrics, 21(21), 1-10.
Soh, S. L. H., Tan, C. W., Lane, J., Yeh, T. T., & Soon, B. (2021). Near falls in Singapore community-dwelling older adults: a feasibility study. Pilot And Feasibility Studies, 7(25), 1-10.
Soh, S. L. H., Tan, C. W., Thomas, J. I., Tan, G., Xu, T., Ng, Y. L., & Lane, J. (2021). Falls efficacy: extending the understanding of self-efficacy in older adults towards
managing falls. Journal of Frailty, Sarcopenia and Falls, 6(3), 131-138.
Srygley, J. M., Herman, T., Giladi, N., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2009). Self-report of missteps in older adults: a valid proxy of fall risk? Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 90(5), 786-792.
Stasny, B. M., Newton, R. A., LoCascio, L. V., Bedio, N. B., Lauke, C., Conroy, M., … Polidoro, C. (2011). The ABC Scale and fall risk: a systematic review. Physical and
Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 29(3), 233-242.
Stevens, J. A., Mahoney, J. E., & Ehrenreich, H. (2014). Circumstances and outcomes of falls among high risk community-dwelling older adults. Injury Epidemiology, 1(5), 1-9.
Stevens, J. A., Sleet, D. A., & Rubenstein, L. Z. (2018). The influence of older adults’ beliefs and attitudes on adopting fall prevention behaviors. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 12(4), 324-330.
Strandkvist, V., Larsson, A., Pauelsen, M., et al. (2021). Hand grip strength is strongly associated with lower limb strength but only weakly with postural control in community-dwelling older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 94: 1-9.
Streiner, D. L., Norman, G. R., & Cairney, J. (2015). Health measurement scales. A practical guide to their development and use (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Strickland, L. H., Murray, D. W., Pandit, H. G., & Jenkinson, C. (2020). Development of a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) and change measure for use in early recovery following hip or knee replacement. Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes,4(91), 1-17.
Tennstedt, S., Howland, J., Lachman, M., Peterson, E., Kasten, L., & Jette, A. (1998). A randomized controlled trial of a group intervention to reduce fear of falling and associated activity restriction in older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 53B(6), P384-P392.
Teno, J., Kiel, D. P., & Mor, V. (1990). Multiple stumbles: a risk factor for falls in community-dwelling elderly. A prospective study. Journal of the American Geriatrics
Society, 38(12), 1321-1325.
Terry, G., & Kayes, N. (2019). Person centered care in neurorehabilitation: a secondary analysis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(16), 2334-2343.
Terwee, C. B., Prinsen, C. A. C., Chiarotto, A., Westerman, M. J., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., . . . Mokkink, L. B. (2018). COSMIN methodology for evaluating the content validity of patient-reported outcome measures: a Delphi study. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1159-1170.
Timsina, L. R., Willetts, J. L., Brennan, M. J., Marucci-Wellman, H., Lombardi, D. A., Courtney, T. K., & Verma, S. K. (2017). Circumstances of fall-related injuries by age and
gender among community-dwelling adults in the United States. PLoS One, 12(5), e0176561.
Tinetti, M. E., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Doucette, J.T., et al. (1994). Fear of falling and fall- related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living elders. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences. 49(3): M140-M147.
Tinetti, M. E., & Powell, L. (1993). Fear of falling and low self-efficacy: a case of dependence in elderly persons. The Journals of Gerontology, 48, 35-38.
Tinetti, M. E., Richman, D., & Powell, L. (1990). Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of fall. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 45(6), 239-243.
Tinetti, M. E., Speechley, M., & Ginter, S. F. (1988). Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. The New England Journal of Medicine, 319(26), 1701-1707.
Tokur, D., Grimmer, M., & Seyfarth, A. (2020). Review of balance recovery in response to external perturbations during daily activities. Human Movement Science, 69, 1-18.
Tractenberg, R. E. (2010). Classical and modern measurement theories, patient reports, and clinical outcomes. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 31, 1-3.
Van der Wees, P. J., Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W., Ayanian, J. Z., Black, N., Westert, G. P., & Schneider, E. C. (2014). Integrating the use of patient-reported outcomes for both clinical practice and performance measurement: views of experts from 3 countries. The Milbank Quarterly, 92(4), 754-775.
van Dulmen, S. A., van der Wees, P. J., Bart Staal, J., Braspenning, J. C., & Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W. (2017). Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) for goalsetting and outcome measurement in primary care physiotherapy, an explorative field study. Physiotherapy, 103(1), 66-72.
Velozo, C. A., & Peterson, E. W. (2001). Developing meaningful fear of falling measures for community dwelling elderly. American Journal Of Physical Medicine &
Rehabilitation, 80(9), 662-673.
Wang, Y. C., Sindhu, B., Lehman, L., Li, X., Yen, S. C., & Kapellusch, J. (2018). Rasch analysis of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale in older adults seeking
outpatient rehabilitation services. The Journal Of Orthopaedic And Sports Physical Therapy, 48(7), 574-583.
Weldring, T., & Smith, S. M. (2013). Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Health Services Insights, 6, 61-68.
WHO. (2012, August 29). Strategy and action plan for healthy ageing in Europe, 2012. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/175544/RC62wd10Rev1-
Eng.pdf.
WHO. (2018, October 18). Falls. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls
Wiering, B., De Boer, D., & Delnoij, D. (2017). Patient involvement in the development of patient-reported outcome measures: a scoping review. Health Expectations, 20(1), 11-23.
Wilberforce, M., Challis, D., Davies, L., Kelly, M. P., Roberts, C., & Loynes, N. (2016). Person-centredness in the care of older adults: a systematic review of questionnaire-based scales and their measurement properties. BMC Geriatrics, 16(63), 1-12.
Wilson, I. B., & Cleary, P. D. (1995). Linking clinical variables with health-related quality of life. A conceptual model of patient outcomes. JAMA, 273(1), 59-65.
Wilson, R. (2018). Patient led PROMs must take centre stage in cancer research. Research Involvement and Engagement, 4(7), 1-8.
Winter, D. A., Patla, A. E., & Frank, J. S. (1990). Assessment of balance control in humans. Medical Process through Technology, 16, 31-51.
Woollacott, M. & Tang, P. F. (1997) Balance Control During Walking in the Older Adult: Research and Its Implications. Physical Therapy, 77(6), 646-660.
Yardley, L., & Smith, H. (2002). A prospective study of the relationship between feared consequences of falling and avoidance of activity in community-living older people. Gerontologist, 42, 17-23.
Yardley, L., Beyer, N., Hauer, K., Kempen, G., Piot-Ziegler, C., & Todd, C. (2005). Development and initial validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Age
and Ageing, 34(6), 614-619.
Yoshikawa, A., & Smith, M. L. (2019). Mediating role of fall-related efficacy in a fall prevention program. American Journal of Health Behavior, 43(2), 393-405.
Yuen, B., & Soh, E. (2017). Housing for older people in Singapore: an annotated bibliography. Springer.